Thank you for joining us for this tutorial on how to make your homemade nail polish and how to ensure that it lasts longer! In this article, we will outline the entire procedure of preparing nail polish at home, mention some of the materials that are essential for its preparation, and give some tips on using eye shadows for pigmentation purposes. However, making the ideal polish is only half the battle! In addition, we will cover the techniques for improving the adhesion of the polish to the nail and preventing damage to it, the role of the base coat application, applying a top coat as well as the right way to let the polish dry completely, etc. What do you do if your polish makes chips? What are the advantages of natural nail polish over normal nail polish, especially for sensitive skin users? Prepare yourself to explore your imaginations and get 3-dimensional effects lasting forever with the natural nail polish that you have prepared yourself!
How to Make Your Nail Polish at Home?
Here’s how to effortlessly make DIY nail polish from scratch. While there may be variations in the exact recipes and techniques, here are some general steps to get you started:
- Gather Your Ingredients: For nail polish making, a clear nail polish base, bangs, mixing balls, and small containers for storage will be required.
- Choose Your Pigments: There are different types of pigments you can use to get a particular color. For instance, eye shadow, mica powder, or even crushed colored chalk will do.
- Mix the Ingredients: The first step is to take an empty small container or jar and pour in a clear nail polish . Next, take a little of your chosen pigment and start sprinkling it into the container until the colors satisfy you. Finally use a toothpick or a stirring tool and mix all the ingredients together.
- Adjust the consistency: If you consider your nail polish too thick than it possibly should be, then simply add a few drops of nail polish thinner.
- Fill your nail polish bottles: Employing care, use a funnel to fill empty nail polish bottles with homemade nail polish.
- Label and Store: Provide a name for the color of your homemade nail polish and indicate the date on the bottle as well. The bottles should be kept in a dry, cool room that is free from direct sunlight.
However, keep in mind that it is a very trial and error process in making nail polish to get the right tint and thickness. Try out various paints and methods that will allow you to derive different shades which will fit your preference!
What Ingredients Are Needed to Make Nail Polish?
If you are about to make your own nail polish, the following materials will be needed:
- Suspension Base: This base makes up the major component of a nail polish to which the pigments are equally distributed. It enables a soft and smooth texture and serves as an adhesive for the other ingredients.
- Pigments: The hue of the nail polish is given by pigments. Depending on the color desired, some pigments to consider would include Mica powders, Cosmetic grade glitters, eyeshadows, etc.
- Solvents: Solvents are materials that help in bringing the pigments into solution to make a nail polish of liquid consistency. Ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, or isopropyl alcohol are a few examples of solvents that can be used to make a nail polish.
- Plasticizers: A nail polish that is flexible and non-chipping is achieved by using plasticizers . Examples of plasticizers that can be mentioned are dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or camphor.
- Thickeners: The thickeners are used when making nail polish in order to suit the preferred viscosity. Common thickeners include Nitrocellulose and stearalkonium hectorite.
- Mixing Balls: These are small metallic balls used as additives in the bottles of nail polish aimed at assisting in the even distribution of the pigments when the bottle is shaken.
- Additional Additives: Other optional additives aimed at improving the nail polish unit’s performance, such as ultraviolet inhibitors, drying agents, or fragrance oils, may also be included.
Home-made nail polish effectively colors your nails to suit amd capture your personal style. In order to create your own custom nail polish from the comfort of your own home, proper techniques of utilizing and mixing these ingredients in appropriate amounts must be followed.
Step-by-Step Guide to Making Nail Polish
Making your own nail polish is both fun and artistic for you. You can, however, enhance the color by incorporating eyeshadow to the nail polish to help get the preferred coat. This is a process that involves the following procedures:
- Gather Your Ingredients: Gather the required materials such as the base polish, the eyeshadow in the preferred color, blending balls, and any other materials such as UV blockers or drying agents if desired.
- Prepare the Eyeshadow: When preparing the eyeshadow, it may be necessary to use a mortar and pestle or a plastic bag containing ice cubes. Make sure to sit the eyeshadow in a shallow dish after it has been ground so it can be prepared easily.
- Mix the Pigment: The next step is to fill the crushed eyeshadow powder into the clear base polish. Begin with a small quantity and continue the process until the revolution you wish is attained. Using a clean stirrer or a brush incorporate the pigment with the base polish.
- Incorporate Mixing Balls: Next, a few mixing balls should be placed in the nail polish bottle. Shaking the nail polish is an effortless way to evenly distribute the pigment, and these tiny metal balls assist in getting this task done.
- Optional Additives: You may also choose to add optional additives like UV inhibitors, drying agents, or fragrance oils to improve the efficiency and the characteristics of your nail polish. However, you must adhere to the recommended guidelines for each of the additives and integrate them into the nail polish base.
- Seal and Shake: Make sure the bottle is securely sealed with the lid and shake the polish well to mix all the ingredients together.
- Test and Adjust: Use a small amount of the homemade nail polish on a nail or on a swatch to see what the color is like and check the thickness. In addition, the color can be altered by adding more eyeshadow pigment, or applying clear nail polish base.
Finally, be sure to mark the color restrictions on the lid of the nail polish bottle, indicating the dates that the lid was made for reference in the future. Use it the way you wish with the knowledge that the polish is your own design.
Tips for Using Eyeshadow as Pigment
We all know that making your very own DIY eyeshadow nail polish is fun, but there are a few guidelines that will help you do a neater job. Here are a few recommendations:
- Select the Right Eyeshadow: Always prefer finely made and well-pigmented eyeshadows. You can make amazing nail paints using matte or shimmer shades.
- Crush the Eyeshadow: A clean paint grinder, or a mortar and pestle will allow you to crush the eyeshadow into a fine powder. This step is needed to make sure the applied powder does not clump up and the pigment is spread uniformly.
- Combine with Clear Nail Polish: Take a small bottle and add some crushed eyeshadow and then applying clear nail polish. Once the mixture is ready, take a toothpick or a small spatula to mix the two until the desired color and thickness is reached.
- Test Out and Modify: Do not use a lot of eyeshadow at once. Keep adjusting and adding more eyeshadow until you reach the desired look. This can help you create a specific look with great pigmentation.
- Test the Formula: A minimum of one nail patch test should be conducted before the application of the poli- eyelid which is in the form of substance on this enriched nail polish. To these ends, one of the nails will receive a small amount of polish – this would help check for consistency, coverage and how soon it takes for the polish to dry. This is to help ensure that the effects are as they were intended, and the formula stands firmly to provide the desired goal.
Note, results are likely to alter from one brand of eyeshadow to the other or even within the same brand, some formulations will perform better than others. Always be sure to do your ample research and use credible resources for proper information and up to date techniques.
What Are the Best Practices to Make Your Nail Polish Last Longer?
How to Apply a Base Coat and Its Importance?
Base coats are of utmost importance since they ensure the process of nailing polish is finished off perfectly with high expectations. All may be able to understand why its so difficult to achieve such a flawless look on nails done with nail polish. And for that, here is a small infographic guide on how to properly apply nail polish base coat that will last throughout the day.
- Start with preparations: Always begin with cleaning every inch of your nails. Any oils or polish traces should be cleaned. Rub the entire finger using a delicate nail remover. Even slight traces of existing nail polish should be removed.
- The correct application of the base coat: Simply take a base coat applicator brush and coat a nice and smooth protective layer. Even a skilfully done base coat should thoroughly protect the lower portions of the nails to avoid slipping off so dont forget to coat all of the areas.
- Dry for about five minutes: It is required that the base coat dries beforehand to wait for the colored polish to be applied. Bases help to create the smoothest surface possible for painting the nails, which prevents any scratches and scraping.
When it comes to nail design, base coats are just as beneficial, such as some of these:
- Allows colored polish to stick to the nails easily: If the accurate application technique is maintained, the base coat acts as a plaster on the polished nail surface which helps increase the overall lifespan of the nail polish.
- Use of a base coat polish reduces staining: Darker shades of polish are more easily able to adhere. A base coat effectively restricts all of these awful stains from the rest of the fingers and nails.
- Nice, even application: A base coat creates an even base on the nail making any flaws on the nail plate less visible and adds a smooth finish to the polish application.
Once you know more about these best practices and the importance of a base coat for nail polish application, the results you will achieve will be similar to that of a professional and will last a long time.
Why Is a Top Coat Essential For Longevity?
- Increased Resistance: With the addition of a top coat, it ensures that the polish is not at any danger of chipping, peeling or fading. It acts as a fence, enclosing the polish and preventing it from being damaged. It definitely helps to prolong the manicure keeping it in good condition for sometime more.
- Extra Gloss and Shine: The market is full of good quality topcoats, One of them is a professional topcoat which can make nails shiny after its application, it leaves a glossed finished over your nails making them look more pretty. Thus, it elevates the entire manicure look, making it more exquisite as if done in an expensive salon.
- Reduced Time for Drying: There are some topcoats which help in quick drying which reduces the waiting time for nails to dry fully. This feature lessens the chances of smudging your freshly painted nails allowing you to resume your other daily activities quickly.
Adding a top coat to your nail care routine is an easy practice that will enhance the quality of your manicure as it adds protection, shine as well as speeding up the drying time.
Techniques to Prevent Chipping
We all cherish a flawless and damp-free look when it comes to our nail polish. Below listed techniques, if appropriately put into practice, would help in increasing the lifespan of the nail paint:
- Make Sure to Prepare Your Nails: Always use a nail polish remover prior to paint application. Make use of non-oily nail polish removers wipe your nails if there is some residue. It is important to let the nails dry after applying any kind of polish.
- Use of Base Coat: Make sure to start off with a base layer of the coat prior to using color on top. The base coat allows the surface to have a smooth texture and allows the nail polish to come into contact with the plot’s surface more strongly without the risk of staining.
- Use of the correct amount: Thin coats of polish are always recommended. Excessive amounts of the top coat are when applied take time to dry and are easily chipped off. Multiple thin coats are better appropriate as gaps between coats allow faster drying.
- Tighten the edges: Do not forget to secure the tips of your nails which have been painted, every time a new layer is applied. This warms up the contact surface already between the nail polish and nail and stops moisture from coming into contact with the polish’s base surface preventing damage.
- Top Coat Application: Always end your manicure with a high quality top coat. The same is required of the top coat; it adds an extra layer, shines and serves to protect and extend the life of the polish. Apply a smooth coat of the top coat, as thin as possible to cover the basic part of the nail and a bit of the edges.
- Do Not Overexpose Yourself To Harsh Chemicals: Avoid exposing oneself to strong cleaners and nail polish removers that contain acetone. Such compounds damage the integrity of lacquer and chips up the chances of edging.
If the mentioned techniques are applied, it will be possible to obtain a durable and safe-for-wear nail polish that would not chip and replace every so often to make the nails look neat and tidy.
How to Properly Dry Your Nail Polish?
What Are Quick-Dry Methods for Nail Polish?
Quick-dry methods for nail polish refer to techniques or products meant to reduce the time taken by the user to dry his or her polish after painting the nails. These techniques are helpful in reducing the time taken to dry the polish as well as the probability of any smears resulting from the wet polish. Some common quick-dry methods include:
- Using a Nail Dryer: A nail dryer, more prominently recognized as a nail lamp or a hand-held nail polish dryer, applies either UV or LED light to the polish and cures it almost instantly. Nail Dryers also ensure that the nail surface has a common dimensional score, and the end result is of a more everlasting quality.
- Applying Quick Dry Coats: These are nail polish products that are designed specifically to dry when applied in a polish form on the desired fingernails or toenails. Quick-drying topcoats consist of more advanced chemicals that settle within oil components across the polish, allowing for the quick evaporation effect, which leads to increased wear and shine.
- Quick dry drops or sprays: A more grounded example of quick-dry nail polish ways is the use of droplet forms or sprays to apply the coating of polish to nails. Some of these products contain certain chemicals which help to make the solvents contained in nail polish, dissolve faster while also serving to quicken the drying time.
In this view point, however, one must bear in mind that although quick-dry techniques help to shorten the time required for the complete drying of the polish, it is nevertheless safer to refrain from doing any activities which are likely to cause destruction of the polish. Another way to achieve faster and more durable results is by properly performing nail care procedures, for example, applying three thin layers of polish and waiting for enough time between coats for them to dry thoroughly.
The Role of a Nail Dryer in Achieving Perfect Finish
Nail dryers are also an important component of the nail care procedure on which the key consideration to obtain a perfect and durable manicure is dependent. This is a device that speeds up the period taken for nail polish to dry and, therefore, minimizes the chances of smudges and smears. Here are several points that may help:
- Types: For instance, different types of nail dryers can be found on the market today, including air dryers, LED lamps, and UV lamps. Even tough gel polish nails are mostly cured with LED or UV lamps, and regular nail polish air dryers are air-dry and not gel-used.
- Drying Effectiveness: Depending on the kind of nail dryer you use, a nail dryer functions with the use of air or lasers to dry nail polish. Gel polish is cured with LED and UV lamps through the activation of certain photoinitiators in the polish, hence the polish for gel nails is more durable and does not chip easily.
- Time Effectiveness: The application of a nail dryer is a fast way to use up nail polish in that it cuts the time taken to dry the polish and allows one to proceed with daily chores without worrying about denting or smudging the polish. It provides a professionally done manicure look in most cases which would otherwise take hours to achieve if the polish was air dried.
It must be remembered that a nail dryer should be employed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, considering the type of nail polish applied. However, for optimal results, nail health and care should come first.
What to Do if Your Nail Polish Begins to Chip?
How to Reapply and Match the Polish
A professional appearance necessitates precise polish touchups when the nail polish gets chipped. There are measures that need to be taken in order to polish the job. Follow these easy steps to make it look professional:
- Taking Off the Polish: In the first place, all tryout paint must be removed with a non-acetone nail enamel remover. Always wash and dry the fingernails if in doubt.
- Choosing the Correct Nail Polish Shade: Attempt to match the nail polish color to the original one by selecting the shade that is most similar to it. However, if this seems impossible, use a complementary shade or consider repainting the entire nail for a more contradictory appeal.
- Using a Base Coat: Only after you have put on a base coat should you proceed to painting your nails with new polish. This step is essential because it prevents the nails from becoming overly varnished as well as helps the new polish adhere better and stay on for a longer period of time.
- Taking Others Off the Polish: It also makes sense to concentrate on the new polish, which is must-have at this stage. For each nail, apply one coat of polish, repositioning to go from the base to the nail’s tip. If there is a need for a second application, allow the first coat to dry fully before applying it.
- Seal with a Top Coat: Escalate the hope of polish lasting with a top coat which should be of a good high-quality varnish. To lose symmetry in design make the top coat substandard.
Using Clear Nail Polish for Quick Fixes
Also, clear nail polish has a number of functions, especially when one is trying to maintain a general outlook on one’s nails. Numerous other emergencies can be rectified by the application of clear nail polish, which includes the following:
- Preventing Their Pantyhose from Runs: When placing a clear nail polish on top of a small snag in the pantyhose, it will prevent that snag from running(not any more than a quarter inch). The polish is effective because it goes over the run thus making it stay in place.
- Assisting Loose Buttons: When one knows a button is about to fall, clear nail polish provide an easy temporary solution. Put a clear nail polish on the thread around the button and it will dry fast making the button stay put until one is able to sew it properly.
- Resticting Their Costume Jewelry from Imana: For a sparkle and mending of the costume jewelry from disintegrating this is why one was a visible clear polish coat to the metallic materials on the jewelry. Antitrust creates a barrier, which slows down the antiquing process of the jewelry fairly.
- How to Seal Envelopes: If tying an envelope proves difficult and there is no glue or tape available, clear polish can help. Use a fine brush and apply polish to the entire perimeter of the envelope flap, allow it to rest and dry, and then press down on the flap firmly to secure it closed.
- How to Keep Razor Blades from Rusting: After using a razor, make sure you clean it and place it under dry condtions; rub the razor blades with a clear nail polish. The polish serves as a coating which helps to avoid rusty blades from wetness and thus extends its use.
On the other hand, conservatories like these can make it difficult to create professional-looking nails, which is not something that’s pleasant in the long run. Always try to avoid using clear or colored nail polish for repairs for too long. Head to a nail salon or buy yourself a professional nail polish.
What Are the Benefits of Using Natural Nail Polish?
How Is Natural Nail Polish Different from Regular Ones?
Natural nail polish withstands such severe abuse since normal nail polish has several weaknesses, which include but are not limited to:
- Chemical Composition: Unlike other polishes, natural nail polish stick makes use of environmentally friendly polishes because they do not contain harmful chemicals such as formaldehyde, toluene and DBP (dibutyl phthalate) which are common in other nail polishes. Such chemicals might trigger adverse reactions on sensitive skin.
- Non-Toxic Elements: Natural ingredients are much versatile and easier to use in polish such as based on plants and water as there is less risk of aggravating skin rashes or allergies.
- Nail Health: Most conventional polymers serve as barrier coatings on nails; nail stick allows coatings only between them that allow nails to have a healthy encasing, thus preventing lowering their brittleness and dullness.
- Environmently Seek: Also most natural nail polishes are diluted when released with water thus are less chances of causing huge damage to the environment due to the chemicals.
Therefore, it is safe to say that women with sensitivity disorders can have their nails made beautifully by using natural nail polish instead of harming their skin. However, some people do have higher sensitivities than others, so always consider patch testing or ask a dermatologist if you have concerns.
Why Natural Nail Polish Is Perfect for Sensitive Skin
Those suffering from sensitive skin will positively welcome an approach that offers both health safety as well as being fashionable. Articles from expert health and beauty websites assert that this particular nail polish can be used on sensitive skin for the following reasons:
- Non-Toxic Formulas: Natural nail polish is made up of import components such plant based extracts and water based formulas hence there are low cases of adverse reactions and skin irritations. They do not contain the same harsh chemicals that are present in normal polishes.
- Breathability: Natural nail polish does not act as a sealant on the nails as synthetic nail polish does and this ensures that the nails do not become weak or discolored from excessive breathing.
- Environmentally Conscious: The instruments used to formulate natural nail polishes do not contain harmful catalysts that would damage the ecosystem making them biodegradable and harmless toxins.
For people with sensitive skin, choosing a natural nail polish allows for beautifully finished nails without the unwanted risk of skin irritation and allergies. One should consider doing patch testing or consulting a dermatologist for certain concerns as levels of sensitivity are different from individual to individual.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What should I do to maintain my natural nail polish for a longer time?
A: First of all, you will need to prepare the nail plate properly. For instance, remove all grease from the surface with acetone. Apply a primer before putting on nail polish. Finally, use a clear top coat. Do not forget to moisturize your cuticles and invest in a high quality polish.
Q: Is it possible to put glitter on natural nail polish, and if so, how?
A: You may indeed enhance your natural nail polish with some glitter. For best results, I suggest to use a funnel to put the small amount of a cosmetic grade glitter into the polish suspension base. Combine the two in a container and mix them well. Afterward, apply the clear top coat in order to seal in the glitter.
Q: Can I make natural nail polish out of eye shadow?
A: It is possible to put an eye shadow into a natural nail polish to give it some color. You need to take shimmery or matte eye shadow and crush it into a fine powder. Apply the crushed eye shadow into a polish suspension base and stir it until the mixture is smooth enough.
Q: How important is cuticle care for enhancing the longevity of the polish?
A: The cuticle area is very instrumental in enhancing the longevity of a nail polish. They tend to be healthy and well-moisturized with a cuticle oil or vitamin E oil and well-kept With that, the lifting or chipping of the polish at the edges is minimized.
Q: What steps can I take to troubleshoot if my polish mix does not remain smooth and interfuses lines?
A: Clumps up when you would want to avoid paints and other additives to paint with pigments or glitters, mix them thoroughly bring a popsicle stick, mix all the components, and shake the paint bottle before using it or applying it on any surface.
Q: Should I use beeswax while creating plant-based nail polish?
A: Beeswax is not a suitable ingredient in nail polish, to be frank, because it is more appropriate in skincare formulas. A polish needs to have a suspension base within the liquid so that when applied, it is evenly distributed throughout.
Q: How imperative is a base coat in enhancing the durability of polish on the nails?
A: Without a base coat, it becomes nearly hopeless to expect the nail polish to stay on for a considerable duration of time. It provides a rough surface for the nail plate to stick to and the polish to stick to that, avoiding any possibility of staining, while also allowing smooth application by filling any ridges. Remember to coat every nail and do so evenly for the best results possible.
Q: With regard to density, why is it emphasized the importance of good nail polish?
A: It is advisable to use nail polish of quality in order to achieve the desired durability on the nail surface. Because tar film adheres better to the nail plate and reduces the chance for chips to form, such a polish will last longer on the target surface.
Q: Does immersion of fingernails or toenails in the water impact the durability so the manicure lasts longer?
A: Certainly, submerging nails in warm water weakens the bond between the polish and the nail plate and results in chipping and peeling, due to the the porosities and extensibility of the skin of the nail. Avoid prolonged exposure to water or shield your hands in gloves when doing dishes.
Reference Sources
1. Damage to DNA and somatic mutations in mammalian cells following the irradiation of a nail polish dryer
- Authors: Zhivagui et al.
- Journal: Cancer Research
- Year: 2023
- Summary: This examination aims to assess the possible cellular damages resulting from the ultraviolet A irradiation from UV nail polish dryers. Mice model and human primary cell cultures were subjected to UVA radiation in a single or chronic manner. They also observed that cells exposed to UVA light displayed increased C:G>A: T transversions when compared to control cells and mutational spectra resembling those due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). The study emphasizes that UVA does not induce C:G>T: A transitions which suggests that these have different molecular biological pathways of DNA destruction than those exposed to UVB irradiation. The study’s authors imply, therefore, that UV nail polish dryers can inflict DNA injury as well as cause mutations in mammalian cells(Zhivagui et al, 2023) .
2. Teaching of green chemistry, sustainability ethics and the theme of toxicity through the use of nail polish removers
- Authors: Meghna Dilip et al.
- Journal: Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews
- Date of Publication: January 2, 2023
- Abstract: In this research work, the authors use nail polish removers as a case study to explain green chemistry principles and ethics on sustainable living. The authors measured the proportions of active ingredients in a number of nail polish removers and evaluated their toxicity. The authors stated that lethality is only one of the components of toxicological assessments; exposure pathways are important as well. The goal of the research is to offer an integrated view of consumers’ concerns about nail products (Dilip et al., 2023).
3. Trace forensic studies of nail polish residues on various surfaces by the method of ATR-FTIR and chem_metric techniques
- Authors: Lim Ka Khei and others
- Published In: Journal of Forensic Chemistry
- Published On: April 1, 2023
- Summary: This research aims at analyses of the trace nail polish using mass spectrometry whilst integrating it with chemometric methods, focusing on ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Such analysis seeks to refine nail polish sample identification as part of forensic investigations by ascertaining the chemical composition of the polish and comparing the traces to be found on different surfaces (Khei et al., 2023) nail polish.
4. Remember the Ladies: The Record Keeping of Female Naval Officers Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell: A Study of its Policy and Impact
- Authors: M. Khaja and others
- Published In: Cureus
- Published On: December 1, 2020
- Summary: A case history is reported of a methemoglobinemia case in an 81-year-old man due to accidental ingestion of nail polish remover including isobutyl nitrite. The study assesses the several potentially hazardous chemical agents in nail products and the potential risk posed by nail polish remover, a common liquid found in the home (Khaja et al., 2022).
5. An Experimental Study To Determine How Fingernail Ceramide Content Decrease After Use Of Nail Polish Remover
- Authors: K. Maeda, Nao Iwashita.
- Journal: Cosmetics
- Available at – May 1, 2021.
- Summary: nail polish remover impacts fingernails’ ceramide content. Ceramide levels are partly or fully lost during nail polish removal, a process that weakens the moisturizing and barrier functions of the nails, thus increasing their vulnerability to damage (Maeda & Iwashita, 2022).
6. Concentrated multiple reflection ATR spectroscopy usage for analysis of nail polish as forensic evidence
- Authors: A. Koçak, Sang-Hyuk Kang.
- Journal: The Analyst
- Available at – May 1, 2021.
- Summary: The concentrated multiple reflection ATR spectroscopy technique gave rise to analyzing nail polish in terms of its forensic function. The method is especially useful in forensic investigations with limited sample sizes available for analysis, and many drugs are likely to reflect on the area under investigation(Koçak & Kang, 2022).
7. What’s that stuff? Gel nail polish
- Author: Brianna Barbu
- Journal: C&EN Global Enterprise
- Publication Date: June 5, 2023
- Summary: The composition of gel nail polish, how it is applied and what possible health effects it may have, are covered in this article. The authors observe the current trend of traction that gel nail products have gained and the caution that consumers must be about its component chemicals (Barbu, 2023).
8. Nail polish
9. Poland
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