Xauv Cov Tsis Pub Lwm Tus Paub Txog Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv rau Kev Txhim Kho Mis Nyuj Ua Kom Zoo

Ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb uas pab cov nyuj ua kua mis ntau yog cov khoom noj kom zoo, thiab concentrated pub ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv loj hauv qhov kev hwm no. Nyob rau lub sijhawm niaj hnub no, qhov uas muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau kev noj qab haus huv zoo thiab kev tsim cov mis nyuj ntau dua, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nkag siab txog kev noj zaub mov kom zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yuav tsis tuaj yeem hais txog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tsiaj txhu noj zaub mov thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Qhov kev sau no piav qhia txog kev tshawb fawb thiab cov tswv yim nyob ib puag ncig kev noj zaub mov kom zoo, tshuaj xyuas seb cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom noj muaj peev xwm ua rau kom muaj kua mis ntau ntxiv, txhawb kev noj qab haus huv, thiab txhawb kev lag luam kev lag luam. Txawm hais tias koj tab tom sim ua kom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm koj cov pab pawg lossis xav ntxiv kev ua kom zoo rau koj txoj kev pub mis, phau ntawv no muaj qee cov lus qhia uas yuav pab tau koj ua haujlwm hauv av txhawm rau txhim kho koj txoj kev ua liaj ua teb siv cov kev sim.

Concentrate Feed yog dab tsi, thiab Nws Puas Muaj Kev Pab Rau Dairy Science?

Kev noj zaub mov ntau yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab thiab cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig uas txhais tau tias txhawm rau ntxiv cov zaub mov hauv cov khoom noj ntawm cov nyuj. Feem ntau, nws suav nrog cov nplej, cov zaub mov muaj protein, cov vitamins, thiab cov zaub mov, uas muab cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov khoom noj siv mis, mloog zoo pub yog qhov zoo vim nws lub peev xwm los ua kom cov kua mis ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev ua kom tau raws li lub zog thiab cov protein uas xav tau los ntawm lactating nyuj. Qhov no kuj pab txhawb pab tsiaj noj qab haus huv los ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv zoo ib yam lossis txhim khu kev noj qab haus huv uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev loj hlob thiab txo cov kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj no. Rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm lawv cov tsiaj nyeg noj zaub mov, ua rau pom kev ua tau zoo thiab qib ntau lawm.

Nkag siab Cov Ntsiab Cai Pub Cov Cheeb Tsam

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom noj muaj protein, cov vitamins, thiab cov zaub mov yog cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo. Cov nplej thiab lwm yam khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv ua lub zog uas muab calories rau kev saib xyuas thiab tsim khoom. Cov khoom noj muaj protein ntau xws li zaub mov taum los yog zaub mov canola muaj cov amino acids tseem ceeb uas txhim kho cov mis nyuj thiab kev noj qab haus huv. Cov vitamins thiab minerals tau ntxiv kom tau raws li kev noj haus uas xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm metabolic thiab kev tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm pab tsiaj yog nyob ntawm seb cov khoom no sib npaug li cas rau ib leeg kom ua tiav cov khoom tsim tau zoo.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Concentrates hauv Dairy Science

Cov khoom noj muaj zog-dense yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas ua los ntawm cov concentrates hauv kev txhim kho cov nyuj nyuj ua kom zoo thiab tsim khoom; Raws li cov no yog thaum cov zaub mov ib leeg tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev noj haus ntawm cov nyuj lactating nyuj, uas feem ntau xav tau lub zog thiab cov protein ntau. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov no, cov concentrates feem ntau suav txog li 30-50% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj, nyob ntawm theem kev loj hlob thiab zoo ntawm cov zaub mov.

Kev tsim cov khoom noj khoom haus yog txhawm rau txhim kho lub zog los ntawm cov khoom siv xws li pob kws, barley, lossis nplej thaum ua kom muaj protein ntau txaus los ntawm kev suav nrog cov taum noj mov, cov nplej nplej, lossis lwm yam khoom siv proteinaceous. Hais txog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, cov txheej txheem niaj hnub tau hloov mus rau qhov tseeb cov khoom noj sib npaug txhawb nqa los ntawm cov cuab yeej xws li ze-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Tshwj xeeb tsim kev sib xyaw ua ke tau pom zoo vim tias lawv tuaj yeem txhawb nqa cov mis nyuj ntau li 15-20%, yog li txhim kho kev lag luam thiab khoom noj khoom haus rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb (Douglas et al., 1995).

Ntau fertility, tiv thaiv kab mob thiab metabolic noj qab haus huv yog pab los ntawm kab kawm minerals thiab vitamin nyob rau hauv pub. Piv txwv li, cov vitamins E thiab selenium txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antioxidant, thaum calcium thiab phosphorus ua kom cov pob txha muaj zog thiab cov mis nyuj sib xyaw ua ke. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tsim cov khoom noj uas tsis muaj cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cov tsis muaj protein ntau nitrogen uas yuav ua rau acidosis lossis txo cov khoom noj.

Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pub khoom noj muaj tseeb thiab cov qauv kev noj zaub mov zoo, cov haujlwm tau hloov mus rau kev ua liaj ua teb precision. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj hauv kev no tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau tshaj plaws xwb tab sis kuj txo qis cov khoom noj thiab lawv cov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig yog li ua raws li cov hom phiaj kev ruaj ntseg hauv cov khoom noj siv mis.

Sib piv Concentrate nrog Roughage hauv Tsiaj Pub

Tsiaj pub yog muab faib ua ob pawg loj: concentrates thiab roughages. Ob hom kev pub no muaj lawv qhov tshwj xeeb zoo rau tsiaj noj zaub mov thiab ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev noj zaub mov tsiaj. Grains, oilseeds xws li soybean pluas mov thiab los ntawm cov khoom yog ib co piv txwv ntawm concentrates nplua nuj nyob rau hauv protein thiab lub zog tab sis tsis muaj fiber ntau. Concentrates feem ntau yog siv los ua kom tiav cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov tsiaj ua tau zoo, suav nrog cov nyuj, thaum lub sij hawm lactation thiab, yog li ntawd, feem ntau muaj TDN qhov tseem ceeb xws li 70-90%, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv muab cov khoom siv zog ntau.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, roughages muaj xws li quav nyab, silage, qoob loo residues, thiab nyom, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus fiber ntau tab sis tsawg zog. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm rumen noj qab haus huv rau ruminants ntawm lwm tus. Txawm li cas los xij, Roughages tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 50-65% nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom noj siv raws li qhia los ntawm nws tus nqi TDN. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov zaub mov no txhim khu kev noj qab haus huv, yog li txo qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob metabolic xws li acidosis, uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev cia siab ntau dhau ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo.

Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tswj tau qhov sib piv ntawm cov concentrates rau roughages nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj mis nyuj noj rau cov mis nyuj thiab tsiaj noj qab haus huv. Kev noj zaub mov zoo rau cov nyuj uas ua tau zoo tuaj yeem muaj 50-60% roughage, ntawm qhov qhuav qhuav, thiab 40-50% mloog zoo; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tuaj yeem sib txawv raws li theem ntawm lactation, zoo ntawm cov khoom noj thiab cov hom phiaj tsim khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias nrog rau cov khoom zoo roughages nrog kev txhim kho digestibility txo tus nqi pub khoom noj thaum tswj kev tsim khoom.

Ib qho teeb meem loj uas tau ntsib los ntawm cov concentrates yog tus nqi tseem ceeb nrog rau lawv lub peev xwm los ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig thaum cog qoob loo thiab oilseeds. Txawm li cas los xij, kev cia siab ib leeg ntawm roughages yuav tsis ua kom pom cov nqi ntau lawm. Thaum ua ke cov pov thawj-raws li, ob qhov pub tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tsiaj txhu, tab sis kuj ua kom muaj kev ua liaj ua teb zoo los ntawm kev txo cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom noj tsis zoo.

Yuav Concentrate Pub Txhim Kho Tsiaj Pub Noj Li Cas?

Optimizing Nutrient Intake rau Mis nyuj nyuj

Concentrated pub txhawb kev noj zaub mov zoo ntawm cov nyuj los ntawm kev muab lub zog nplua nuj, cov proteins, thiab cov vitamins nrog rau cov zaub mov, uas feem ntau tsis muaj cov zaub mov tsis zoo. Qhov no ua kom cov nyuj cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim cov mis nyuj zoo, kev loj hlob, thiab kev noj qab haus huv. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, thaum saib xyuas kev noj zaub mov kom ruaj khov, tuaj yeem ua tiav cov hom phiaj tau hais los saum no los ntawm kev sib txuas cov khoom noj kom zoo rau roughage, yog li txaus siab rau cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov nyuj noj mis nyuj thiab tiv thaiv kev tsis txaus.

Kev cuam tshuam rau kev tsim mis nyuj thiab lactation

Balanced concentrate pub noj ua ke nrog roughage yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua kom cov kua mis ntau tshaj plaws thiab ua kom cov lactation tsim nyog. Lub zog kom tsawg yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txhawb nqa cov kev cai metabolic ntawm lactating nyuj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lactation thaum muaj lub ncov ntawm cov kua mis. Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cov roj muaj roj ntau yog paub tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov kua mis ntim thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg uas qee zaum nce butterfat thiab cov ntsiab lus protein.

Cov kev tshawb fawb luam tawm tsis ntev los no qhia tau hais tias kev noj zaub mov kom zoo sib npaug tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua mis ntau ntxiv mus txog 25% uas tsis yog cov khoom noj tsuas yog nyob ntawm roughage xwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib npaug ntawm cov khoom noj tseem ceeb xws li calcium thiab phosphorus txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob metabolic xws li kub taub hau thiab txhawb nqa nyuj noj qab haus huv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lactation hnyav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tswv yim kev noj zaub mov zoo raws li cov theem tshwj xeeb ntawm lactation kuj txhim kho kev noj zaub mov zoo, yog li txhawb kev lag luam khoom noj siv mis kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam me me los yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tsim khoom.

Txhim kho Rumen Fermentation thiab Dairy Cow Health

Txhawm rau ua kom zoo tshaj plaws rumen fermentation thiab tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm nyuj nyuj, yuav tsum siv cov kev sib xyaw thiab kev ntsuas. Cov hauv qab no qhia txog cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab cov pov thawj-txhawb cov kauj ruam los txhim kho rumen muaj nuj nqi thiab txhawb nqa nyuj noj qab haus huv tag nrho:

Muaj txiaj ntsig Fiber Levels

• Qhov ntau txaus ntawm lub cev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo fiber ntau (PEF) hauv kev noj zaub mov yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev zom zom zom thiab cov qaub ncaug tso tawm qhov no yuav pab tsis tau cov pH ntawm cov rumen yog li txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm acidosis. Cov ntawv ceeb toom qhia tau hais tias nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom muaj 28-34% nruab nrab detergent fiber (NDF) hauv tag nrho cov khoom noj uas tsis pub tsawg dua 19% los ntawm cov khoom noj kom txo tau cov kab mob metabolic.

Balanced Carbohydrate Sources

• Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj cov kua qaub ntau dhau hauv cov rumen, yuav tsum muaj qhov sib piv ntawm cov carbohydrates ceev ceev xws li cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab cov khoom carbs. Txhawm rau txhim kho microbial efficiency yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm rumen, cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias cov qib tsis muaj fiber ntau carbohydrate (NFC) hauv tag nrho cov khoom sib xyaw (TMR) yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm 32-38%.

Kev siv Rumen-tiv thaiv rog

• Ntxiv cov rog no rau hauv cov khoom noj pub kom muaj zog ntxiv thaum tswj kev zom zaub mov fiber ntau thiab kev ua haujlwm microbial. Kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias ntxiv cov khoom noj mis nyuj nrog rumen-tiv thaiv cov rog ntawm tus nqi ntawm 2-5% txhim kho lub zog sib npaug thiab cov kua mis.

Tsis zoo li cov tshuaj ntxiv

• Stabilization ntawm rumen pH tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj buffering xws li sodium bicarbonate thiab magnesium oxide. Kev siv cov poov xab raws li cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom siv nyob hauv microbial xws li Saccharomyces cerevisiae nce fermentation kev ua los ntawm cov kab mob li no pab txhawb kev zom zaub mov fiber ntau thiab kev noj zaub mov zoo.

Kev noj zaub mov tsis tu ncua

• Kev noj zaub mov tsis tu ncua uas tsis muaj kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom noj tiv thaiv qhov tsis sib xws hauv cov khoom noj uas yuav cuam tshuam rumen fermentation. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj qhia tau hais tias pub mis ntau zaus txhua hnub ua rau muaj kev noj qab haus huv txhua hnub (DMI), ua rau muaj kev coj cwj pwm zoo dua.

Protein Supplementation Zoo

• Qhov sib npaug ntawm DIP (degradable intake protein) thiab UIP (undegradable intake protein) yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau optimize nitrogen siv nyob rau hauv lub rumen. Cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo rau kev noj zaub mov feem ntau pom zoo nyob ib puag ncig 16-18% nyob ntawm qib lactation nrog rau cov hom phiaj ntawm cov mis nyuj, feem.

Muaj dej muaj

• Rumen microbes thiab kev zom zaub mov vam meej ntawm cov dej huv, zoo tau muab tsis tu ncua. Nws tau raug qhia tias ib tug nyuj lactating nyuj yuav tsum haus peb mus rau plaub phaus dej ib phaus ntawm cov mis nyuj uas tsim tawm uas hais txog nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev haus dej.

Kev ntsuas pH ntawm Rumen

• Kev soj ntsuam kev tswj hwm ntawm rumen pH, qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm kev xuas nrig ntaus lub rumen lossis ntxig lub ntsuas pH mus tas li, pab txhawb kev txheeb xyuas ntxov ntawm subclinical acidosis. Nws feem ntau lees paub tias microbial fermentation efficiency zoo li zoo thaum rumen pH nyob rau hauv 6 thiab 7.

Kev ua raws li cov tswv yim zoo li no thaum tib lub sijhawm saib xyuas lawv yuav txhim kho rumen noj qab haus huv li no ua kom cov khoom tsim tau zoo, txo qis kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam txog tsiaj noj qab haus huv thiab txhim kho kev ua liaj ua teb noj mis nyuj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev nce qib hauv kev tswj xyuas cov khoom noj siv mis niaj hnub no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke nrog cov thev naus laus zis thiab cov txheej txheem kev txiav txim siab cov ntaub ntawv.

Dab tsi yog Cov Khoom Noj Tseem Ceeb Pom Pom hauv Cov Khoom Noj Kom Zoo?

Cov pab pawg tseem ceeb: Cov Protein Crude, Fatty Acids, thiab ntau dua

Concentrate feeds yog tsim los muab cov as-ham tseem ceeb uas pab hauv kev noj qab haus huv, kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg. Hauv qab no yog ib qho kev faib ua feem ntawm cov pab pawg tseem ceeb uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov concentrate feeds:

Nqa Crotein

• Cov protein Crude ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acids tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, thiab kev tsim cov mis nyuj hauv cov nyuj. Feem ntau, cov concentrates pub muaj 12-20% crude protein nyob ntawm qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg. Soybean, canola, thiab cottonseed yog cov khoom muaj protein ntau.

Fatty Acids (Cov rog thiab roj)

• Concentrate feeds kuj muaj cov rog uas ua rau lub zog muaj zog uas txhawb nqa kev ua me nyuam thiab cov mis nyuj zoo thaum txhim kho kev noj zaub mov zoo. Cov roj cov ntsiab lus ib txwm muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm 2-8%, nrog rau cov peev txheej xws li siab siab, taum roj thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rog tau siv.

carbohydrates

• Kev tsim hluav taws xob sai sai yog ua tau los ntawm carbohydrates, feem ntau los ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab lossis qab zib. Carbohydrates yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov concentrates pub tau los ntawm cov nplej xws li pob kws, barley, thiab nplej, uas ua kom lub zog tas li.

Fiber

• Txawm hais tias cov concentrates pub muaj cov ntsiab lus fiber ntau dua piv rau roughage; Cov khoom siv ntxiv tau tsim los txhawb kev zom zaub mov siv cov khoom siv fiber ntau insoluble. Feem ntau suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv fibrous xws li beet pulp lossis soy hulls yog tsim los pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm rumen.

Cov vitamins thiab Minerals

• Kev loj hlob ntawm pob txha, kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev ua haujlwm metabolic raug cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov muaj cov vitamins tseem ceeb xws li A, D, E thiab cov kab kawm uas suav nrog calcium, phosphorous, zinc thiab selenium. Cov tebchaw no muaj nyob rau hauv kom muaj nuj nqis kom tsiaj noj sib npaug raws li lawv xav tau.

zog

• Tag Nrho Cov Khoom Noj Khoom Haus (TDN) yog siv los ntsuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub zog hauv cov khoom noj kom zoo. Cov khoom noj muaj zog txhawb nqa lactation, hnyav nce, thiab kev ua si lub cev. Cornmeal thiab molasses yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom xyaw uas muaj zog.

Additives thiab Supplements

• Concentrate pub tuaj yeem muaj probiotics lossis prebiotics; enzymes; buffers uas pab hauv kev zom zaub mov li no txhim kho kev siv cov khoom noj thaum tiv thaiv rumen acidosis.

Txhua pawg zaub mov muaj lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev txhawb nqa kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho nrog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm cov tsiaj li no; kev pub mis yuav tsum ua tib zoo xav txog cov hom phiaj kev noj haus tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom qhuav thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob

Cov teeb meem qhuav (DM) tom qab tshem tawm cov dej noo yog cov khoom noj uas muaj tag nrho cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li cov protein, fibers, rog, vitamins thiab minerals. Qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov khoom qhuav qhuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom cov khoom noj muaj tseeb uas ua kom cov tsiaj txhu tau txais cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv lawv qhov kev faib ua feem kom noj qab haus huv thiab qib siab ntau lawm. Piv txwv li, cov nyuj mis nyuj feem ntau xav tau cov khoom noj uas muaj 40-60% ntawm cov ntsiab lus qhuav ntawm cov zaub mov kom tswj tau cov kua mis tawm thiab kev zom zaub mov.

Lub zog, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug vim nws tsim lub hauv paus rau txhua qhov kev loj hlob, kev tsim tawm, thiab kev tsim khoom, xws li lactation lossis lub cev hnyav. Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) yog siv los txiav txim siab lub zog cov ntsiab lus hauv cov khoom noj. Cov nyuj uas ua tau zoo yuav tsum tau pub ntawm 70-75% TDN qib kom tau raws li lawv cov kev xav tau ntawm lub zog. Lub zog tsis txaus, feem ntau ua rau muaj qhov hnyav lossis hnyav dhau, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob xws li ketosis lossis rog rog, txo cov khoom tsim tau los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb.

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov khoom qhuav hauv cov khoom noj yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no. Piv txwv li, siv lub zog siab cov khoom noj xws li cereals (pob zeb thiab barley) tau pom los txhim kho lub zog ceev thiab tseem ua kom cov ruminal ua haujlwm zoo hauv cov zaub mov noj. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, kev siv tshuab pub mis pub rau kev sib koom ua ke cov khoom xyaw uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev pub noj yog li txhim kho kev hloov pauv hloov pauv thiab kev lag luam nce ntxiv.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov vitamins zoo li vitamin E hauv cov khoom noj mis nyuj

Ntawm tag nrho, vitamin E yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov nyuj noj qab haus huv vim nws ua haujlwm feem ntau yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant uas txhawb nqa lawv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev muaj peev xwm ua me nyuam. Nws kuj tseem pab txo qis oxidative kev nyuaj siab uas tuaj yeem ua rau tag nrho cov tsiaj noj qab haus huv thiab kev tsim khoom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm metabolic stress, xws li calving. Kev txaus siab ntawm cov vitamin E kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txo qis tus kab mob mastitis, yog li txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub plab. Txij li cov zaub mov raws li cov zaub mov tsis tuaj yeem muab txaus, yuav tsum tau tswj xyuas kom zoo txhua lub sijhawm. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ua kom paub tseeb tias muaj cov vitamin E tas li los ntawm kev siv cov khoom noj los yog cov tshuaj pab txhim kho cov mis nyuj zoo, pab tsiaj noj qab haus huv, thiab kev tsim khoom.

Yuav Ua Li Cas Ntsuas Qhov Ntsuas Qhov Ntsuas rau Cov Khoom Noj Zoo Zoo?

Cov Tswv Yim rau Kev Tswj Xyuas Pub Noj

Feed Quality thiab Consistency

• Xyuas kom tseeb tias cov khoom noj yog tshiab, flavourful thiab tsis muaj impurities. Kev noj qab haus huv zoo hauv cov khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg pab tswj kev noj zaub mov thiab digestive teeb meem.

Txhawb Kev pub noj tsis tu ncua 

• Kev pub mis rau qee lub sijhawm yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias muaj kev noj zaub mov txaus kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv qis qis thiab kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo. Lub sijhawm ntev tuaj yeem ua rau gluttony li no ua rau muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv loj uas yuav zam tau.

Pub Kev Kho Kom Zoo Rau Ib puag ncig

• Xyuas kom meej tias huab cua muaj feem xyuam nrog cov xwm txheej xws li cua sov thiab tsis muaj dej tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm kev kho thiab rov tsim cov khoom noj kom zoo tshaj plaws.

Pub Bunk Management thiab Maintenance 

• Txaus siab rau kev huv ntawm cov bunks pub thiab tus nqi pub noj kom paub tseeb tias muaj tsawg kawg nkaus uas ua rau muaj kev khib nyiab ntau dua thiab puas thiab ua kom muaj kev noj zaub mov zoo ib yam.

Tsiaj Xav Tau Kev Noj Haus 

• Kev faib nyiaj yuav tsum tau tsim kom tau raws li lub zog tshwj xeeb, cov protein, thiab fiber ntau xav tau ntawm ntau hom tsiaj thaum lawv ntau theem ntawm kev tsim khoom.

Kho Cov Qib Siab rau Cov Qib sib txawv ntawm Lactate

Ua ntej, kuv yuav ntsuas tus tsiaj lub zog xav tau, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm lub cev mob, cov kua mis ntau lawm, thiab kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho, txhawm rau kho cov qib siab nyob ntawm theem ntawm lactation. Feem ntau, lactation thaum ntxov yuav tsum muaj qib siab dua ntawm cov concentrates rau qhov kev xav tau ntawm lub zog, thaum nruab nrab thiab lig lactation yuav tsum tau hloov maj mam kom txo qis qhov hnyav nce. Kuv yuav xyuas kom meej tias qhov sib piv ntawm cov zaub mov thiab cov concentrates yog qhov sib npaug zoo txaus los txhawb kev zom zaub mov zoo tshaj plaws nrog rau kev tsim khoom thaum khaws cov kev ua tau zoo thiab tom qab ntawd tweaking nws raws li.

Incorporating Supplements for Better Dairy Cow Performance

Kev siv cov khoom noj khoom haus hauv cov khoom noj ntawm cov nyuj tuaj yeem mus ntev rau kev tsim cov mis nyuj, kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ua me nyuam. Feem ntau siv cov tshuaj yog cov vitamins, minerals thiab pub additives uas tsom rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub cev.

Cov vitamins thiab Minerals

• Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub meej tias kev noj cov vitamins thiab minerals txaus rau kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv cov nyuj nyuj. Piv txwv li, calcium thiab phosphorus yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov pob txha thiab cov mis nyuj synthesis thaum magnesium txhawb cov leeg nqaij. Zinc, manganese, selenium ntawm lwm yam kab kawm ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev loj hlob. Selenium deficiency tuaj yeem kov yeej los ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog 0.3 ppm (tag nrho cov teeb meem qhuav ration) Se nrog txhim kho fertility tus nqi thaum txo cov teeb meem placenta ntawm cov nyuj mis nyuj.

Rumen-Protected Amino Acids

• Methionine thiab lysine amino acids feem ntau txwv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov ruminant. Mis protein synthesis tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev suav nrog rumen-tiv thaiv amino acids uas ua rau muaj protein ntau hauv cov kua mis. Methionine supplementation tau pom los ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ua kom cov mis nyuj nce mus txog 1.5 phaus ib hnub twg rau ib tug nyuj thaum txhim kho tag nrho cov nitrogen efficiency.

Probiotics thiab Poov Cultures

• Txhawm rau kom ruaj khov ntawm rumen pH, nce fiber ntau digestion thiab txhim kho kev noj zaub mov zoo, cov kab lis kev cai nyob hauv cov poov xab suav nrog cov tshuaj probiotics. Cov khoom qhuav qhuav ntawm cov nyuj uas ua tau zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm lactation thaum ntxov tuaj yeem nce ntxiv los ntawm kev siv cov poov xab nyob zoo li Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cov kua mis tawm tuaj yeem nce los ntawm 2-3% vim kev txhim kho digestibility ntawm fiber ntau.

Fatty Acids

• Kev mob tshwm sim tuaj yeem txo qis thaum kev ua me nyuam ua tau zoo dua los ntawm kev ntxiv qee hom fatty acids xws li omega-3 lossis omega-6. Omega-3 fatty acids enriched noj cov zaub mov tau txuas mus rau ib tug poob nyob rau hauv cov hnub qhib (cov hnub ntawm calving thiab conception) uas nyob rau hauv lem txhawb kom fertility zoo.

Buffers thiab Neutralizing Agents

• Cov zaub mov noj rau cov nyuj feem ntau muaj sodium bicarbonate ua qhov tsis tuaj yeem ua kom ruaj khov rumen pH li no tiv thaiv acidosis feem ntau ntawm cov khoom noj carbohydrate sai sai. Ruminal muaj nuj nqi stabilization thiab nce nyob rau hauv cov mis nyuj rog cov ntsiab lus tau tshaj tawm qhov twg buffers tau ua hauj lwm ntawm tus nqi ntawm 0.75% ntawm tag nrho cov ration.

Choline thiab Betaine

• Cov zaub mov uas suav nrog rumen-tiv thaiv choline thiab betaine tuaj yeem pab txhim kho daim siab ua haujlwm thiab lub zog metabolism hauv kev hloov pauv nyuj. Choline pab txo qis qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub siab rog thiab ketosis, uas ua rau cov kua mis ntau ntxiv tom qab calving.

Kev txhim kho cov kua mis zoo, nyuj noj qab haus huv, thiab tag nrho cov khoom tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo xaiv thiab faib cov tshuaj ntxiv raws li cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb. Kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua thiab kev sab laj nrog kws kho mob noj zaub mov yuav ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tswv yim ntxiv.

Puas muaj Kev Sib Tw Hauv Kev Siv Cov Khoom Noj Kom Zoo Rau Cov Ncauj Ncauj Lactating?

Hais txog Rumen pH thiab Acidosis Risks

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv acidosis hauv nyuj lactating nyuj, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom tuav lub rumen pH ntawm qhov zoo. Pub cov qib siab ntawm cov carbohydrates sai sai hauv cov zaub mov tuaj yeem txo qis pH ntawm rumen li no ua rau subacute lossis mob acidosis. Nws cuam tshuam nrog kev zom zaub mov thiab txo qis kev noj zaub mov thiab tsim cov mis nyuj tsis zoo los ntawm ruminant. Yog li ntawd, txaus roughages yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv cov kev pab cuam pub mis raws li lawv txhim khu kev zom thiab ua kom qaub ncaug txaus, yog li buffering acidity theem nyob rau hauv lub rumen. Kev siv cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo li sodium bicarbonate tuaj yeem pab txhim kho ruminal pH kom nws tuaj yeem pab txhawb cov neeg muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Kev tshawb nrhiav ntxov thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo ntawm cov teeb meem muaj peev xwm tsuas yog ua tau yog tias muaj kev saib xyuas tas li ntawm cov khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tus cwj pwm nyuj.

Tswj Protozoon thiab Microbial Balance

Qhov zoo microbial ecosystem sib npaug hauv cov rumen yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom lub plab zom mov thiab fermentation hauv lactating nyuj nyuj. Rumen protozoa yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau stabilizing rumen fermentation los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab tshaj li, lawv tshawb xyuas qhov kev loj hlob ntawm qee yam kab mob xws li cov uas ua rau lactic acid uas tiv thaiv kev tsim cov kab mob lactic acid ntau dhau. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no txo ​​qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm acidosis thaum txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho.

Txoj kev loj hlob tshiab tshaj plaws hauv rumen microbiology tau qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob xws li Fibrobacter succinogenes thiab Ruminococcus albus ntawm cellulose degradation ua rau cov fiber ntau tawg thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus. Piv txwv li, cov kab mob amylolytic ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau tsis txaus fermentation ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab yog li cov qib lactic acid ntau dhau nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm rumen pH qib.

Microbial tshuav nyiaj li cas yuav tsum tau tswj xyuas los ntawm cov tswv yim pub mis uas muaj cov khoom tsim nyog ntawm cov carbohydrates zoo li NDF (tsis muaj cov tshuaj detergent fiber) uas txhawb nqa cov kab mob cellulolytic ntau. Tsis tas li ntawd, suav nrog fermentable carbohydrates maj mam ua kom lub zog fermentable maj mam tso tawm, tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv sai hauv cov neeg microbial. Lub sijhawm pub mis kuj tseem tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog qee yam xws li kab lis kev cai poov xab los yog cov kab mob probiotics xws li Saccharomyces cerevisiae los txhim kho cellulase kev ua, ua kom fermentation, thiab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig.

Cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov lej qhia tau hais tias nyuj noj cov poov xab tau nce ntawm 15-20% hauv kev zom zaub mov fiber ntau thiab txo qis ntawm subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) ntau dua 30%. Qhov kev tshawb pom no qhia txog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov khoom noj kom tsim nyog los tswj kom muaj kev sib npaug microbial zej zog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig rumen, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim mis nyuj thiab tsiaj noj qab haus huv. Kev kuaj tsis tu ncua thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus rumen ua ke nrog cov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog cov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim hauv cov neeg microbial, yog li ua kom muaj kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv rumen.

Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev cuam tshuam rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov mis nyuj rog

Thaum muaj ntau qhov concentration nyob rau hauv cov mis nyuj noj, nws yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov mis nyuj rog. Kev noj zaub mov ntau dhau ua rau txo qis fiber ntau, uas txo qis rummination thiab, yog li ntawd, qaub ncaug ntau lawm uas txo lub peev xwm ntawm rumen, ua rau poob rau hauv rumen pH thiab hloov pauv ntawm microbial fermentation qauv uas txo qis acetate tsim thiab nce qib propionate. Qhov txo qis hauv acetate los ntawm qhov no ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov mis nyuj rog. Txhawm rau hais txog qhov poob qis, qhov kev pom zoo ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo-rau-kev sib piv yuav tsum tau khaws cia thaum ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj fiber ntau zoo muaj nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov kom ntseeg tau tias cov mis nyuj muaj rog.

Cov Lus Nquag Nug (FAQ)

Q: Dab tsi yog cov concentrate feeds, thiab lawv txawv li cas ntawm cov mis nyuj pub mis?

A: Concentrate feeds yog cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas ntxiv cov zaub mov hauv cov nyuj noj cov zaub mov. Tsis zoo li kev noj zaub mov tiav uas ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom noj hauv ib qho kev sib xyaw, cov khoom noj kom zoo yog tsim los ua kom muaj zog, protein, thiab lwm yam khoom noj uas tsim nyog. Feem ntau, nws suav nrog cov nplej, cov protein, thiab lwm yam tshuaj ntxiv los txhim kho kev noj zaub mov thiab cov kua mis tawm hauv cov nyuj noj.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev noj zaub mov tag nrho thiab kev siv lub zog hauv cov nyuj nrog kev siv cov concentrate feeds?

A: Tsom ntsoov rau cov mis nyuj muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov khoom noj thiab kev siv zog hauv cov nyuj. Yog hais tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov zaub mov thiab cov concentrate yog khaws cia nws feem ntau elevates lub zog ceev ntawm cov zaub mov yog li txhim kho pub conversion piv. Qhov no thiaj li ua rau kom muaj zog ntxiv tau rau cov kua mis ntau lawm thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm tus neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, ua tib zoo saib xyuas ntawm cov concentrate thiab cov zaub mov piv yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus tsiaj.

Q: Yuav ua li cas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm volatile fatty acids rau kev noj haus ntawm nyuj nyuj, thiab dab tsi yog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm concentrate pub rau lawv synthesis?

A: Qhov tseem ceeb, cov roj ntsha tsis hloov pauv xws li acetic, butyric, thiab propionic yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm carbohydrate fermentation hauv qhov chaw rumen. Kev siv cov concentrates siab hauv cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, zoo li pobkws, tau paub los hloov VFA profile ntawm kev tsim cov propionic acid, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog ua kom muaj zog thiab cov kua mis tawm. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia, txawm li cas los xij, kev siv ntau dhau ntawm cov concentrates muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm kev zom zaub mov, ruminal acidosis yog ib qho ua rau.

Q: Qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov concentrate pub rau microbial protein synthesis nyob rau hauv tshis thiab nyuj nyuj rumen kab lis kev cai.

A: Concentrate pub ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas txhawb kev sib txuas ntawm microbial protein nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig rumen. Nws nyiam suav nrog fermentable carbohydrates thiab cov protein uas nyiam kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob microbes li nce cov nyiaj microbial protein synthesized, cov protein no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev tsim cov mis nyuj thiab pab cov nyuj hauv cellular ua haujlwm. Ntawm qhov tod tes, raws li tau hais dhau los, kev tswj hwm nruj ntawm cov protein thiab lub zog hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim tias cov protein ntau dhau yuav ua rau ntau dhau ammonia hauv rumen.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom noj sib txawv uas feem ntau suav nrog hauv cov mis nyuj cov mis nyuj concentrate?

A: Ntawm cov khoom noj uas haum rau hauv qeb uas tau hais los saum no yog cov vitamins A thiab E, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev ua me nyuam. Cov no suav nrog dicalcium phosphate, ferrous sulfate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, thiab tooj liab sulfate; Cov tshuaj no tseem ceeb heev rau ntau yam kev ua ub no ntawm lub cev. Muab hais tias lawv tau muab faib rov qab rau hauv cov concentrate ua ntej ntxiv, xws li additives tej zaum yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm kev txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv, pub kev hloov pauv kev ua haujlwm, thiab nce cov kua mis tawm.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntxiv cov mis nyuj noj mis nyuj nrog cov pob kws ntawm lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo?

A: Pob kws nplej yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom xyaw uas muaj zog ntxiv rau cov nyuj noj hauv cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom noj. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nce lub zog tag nrho ntawm kev noj haus, ua rau cov kua mis ua kom zoo dua qub thiab lub cev mob. Pob kws hmoov txhuv nplej siab yog yooj yim fermentable, muab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj propionic acid ua rau hauv rumen, uas yog qhov zoo rau cov piam thaj synthesis thiab siv rau lactose ntau lawm hauv cov mis nyuj. Nws yuav tsum tau cia siab tias, txawm li cas los xij, yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv fiber ntau txaus los txhawb cov pob kws kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm rumen.

Q: Dab tsi yuav tsum tau khaws cia hauv siab thaum npaj Holstein Cow concentrates pub?

A: Cov khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Concentrates rau Holstein nyuj yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam. Lawv muaj xws li theem ntawm lactation, theem ntawm cov kua mis ntau lawm, lub cev mob, thiab zoo ntawm cov zaub mov. Txij li thaum Holstein nyuj paub txog lawv cov kua mis ntau, lawv yuav xav tau lub zog thiab cov ntsiab lus protein ntau hauv lawv cov concentrates dua li lwm hom nyuj. Nrog rau txoj cai amino acid tshuav nyiaj li cas, cov qib txaus ntawm NFCs, cov zaub mov, thiab cov vitamins yog xav tau rau kev ua kom zoo ntawm kev ua tau zoo hauv cov nyuj hais.

Qhov Chaw Siv

1. Kholif et al. (2022) (Kholif et al., 2022)

• Cov Tseem Ceeb Nrhiav:
• Hloov 20-40% ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib xyaw nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm Moringa oleifera silage thiab Chlorella vulgaris microalgae txhim kho cov zaub mov digestibility, ruminal fermentation yam ntxwv, mis ntau lawm, muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab fatty acid profile hauv Damascus tshis.
• Nrog rau kev sib xyaw Moringa oleifera thiab microalgae feedstuff ua ib feem hloov pauv rau cov concentrates tuaj yeem txhim kho cov kua mis ntau lawm thiab cov kua mis zoo yam tsis muaj kev txo cov tsiaj noj qab haus huv.
• Vib this:
• Ib qho 3 × 3 Latin square tsim tau siv nrog 15 lactating Damascus tshis muab faib ua peb pawg.
• Kev tswj xyuas kev sib xyaw ua ke tau txais kev hloov pauv ntawm Moringa oleifera silage ntxiv rau Chlorella vulgaris microalgae ntawm 20% (MA20) lossis 40% (MA40).
• Kev noj zaub mov noj, kev zom zaub mov, kev noj zaub mov ruminal fermentation, serum metabolites, mis tsim thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab fatty acid profile raug ntsuas.

2. Schilde et al. (2021) (Schilde thiab al., 2021, pp. 79–104)

• Cov Tseem Ceeb Nrhiav:
• Methane emissions ib kg ntawm qhuav khoom noj (DMI) thiab ib kg ntawm lub zog-kho mis nyuj raug txo los ntawm 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) thiab siab concentrate feed proportion (CFP).
• Ntxiv cov khoom noj khoom haus ntau dhau lub sijhawm ua rau poob qis methane-mitigating nyhuv ntawm 3-NOP.
• Siab CFP thiab 3-NOP txhim kho kev noj zaub mov zoo thaum lub cev poob qis hauv cov nyuj noj mis nyuj periparturient.
• Vib this:
• A 2 × 2 factorial tsim tau siv nrog 55 Holstein nyuj: qis thiab siab CFP, tsis muaj (CONLC, CONHC) lossis nrog 3-NOP (NOPLC, NOPHC).
• Digestibility ntawm cov zaub mov, methane emissions, thiab rumen fermentation tau ntsuas.

3. Liu et al. (2021) (Liu et al., 2021)

• Cov Tseem Ceeb Nrhiav:
• Rumen-tiv thaiv methionine thiab lysine thiab / lossis cov khoom noj khoom haus ntxiv cuam tshuam rau cov tsis muaj roj fatty acid (VFA) profiles thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm rumen microbiota hauv grazing lactating yaks.
• Cov proportions Firmicutes rau Bacteroidetes nyob rau hauv lub rumen yog siab dua nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj uas tau txais ob qho tib si concentrate pub thiab tiv thaiv amino acids nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov uas tau txais tsuas yog tiv thaiv amino acids.
• Concentrate pub nce VFA concentrations, suav nrog tag nrho VFAs, acetate, thiab butyrate hauv rumen.
• Vib this:
• Nees nkaum plaub lub lactating yaks tau random muab rau plaub pawg: tswj, mloog zoo pub (C), rumen-tiv thaiv amino acids (RPA), los yog ob qho tib si RPA thiab C.
• Cov qauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus rumen raug coj los tshuaj xyuas los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm 16S rRNA gene fragments.
• Tsis tas li ntawd, peb txiav txim siab accumulations ntawm VFA nyob rau hauv lub rumen.

4. Heymann et al. (2021) (Heymann li al., 2021, p. e0246679)

• Cov Tseem Ceeb Nrhiav:
• Cov kab mob siab ntsig txog cov ntshav, kev qhia cov noob, thiab lub siab histology tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm Glyphosate (GLY) cov seem hauv cov khoom noj mis nyuj, txawm tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov concentrate pub.
• Hauv cov pab pawg tau noj cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog GLY-pab paug pub, muaj qhov nce ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm tag nrho cov ntshav bilirubin concentration, tab sis nws tsis paub qhov tseem ceeb.
• Vib this:
• 61 German Holstein nyuj yog muab nrog GLY-contaminated tag nrho mixed ration (TMR) los yog tswj TMR thiab muab faib ua low/high concentrate feed proportion group.
• Txoj kev tshawb no tau soj ntsuam cov ntshav tsis muaj, kev qhia cov noob, thiab daim siab histology.

5. Patyal et al. (2021) (Patyal li al., 2021, pp. 37705–37715)

• Cov Tseem Ceeb Nrhiav:
• Cov tsiaj noj mis concentrates los ntawm Punjab, Is Nrias teb, tau kis nrog aflatoxin.
• Thaum aflatoxin B1 nqa mus rau cov mis nyuj yog assumed theoretically (aflatoxin M1), ces qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau cov mis nyuj sib kis los ntawm 50-100% siab dua EU kam rau ua.
• Vib this:
• Aflatoxin paug hauv cov qauv pub mis los ntawm cov khoom noj mis nyuj hauv Punjab, Is Nrias teb, tau txheeb xyuas.
• Muaj peev xwm nqa tawm ntawm aflatoxin B1 los ntawm kev pub rau mis nyuj (aflatoxin M1) los ntawm kev xam cov theoretical.

6. Tsiaj pub

7. Kev noj haus zoo

8. Rog